Process‐evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopologues: 1. Comparison between models and observations
Identifieur interne : 005612 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 005611; suivant : 005613Process‐evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopologues: 1. Comparison between models and observations
Auteurs : Camille Risi [France, États-Unis] ; David Noone [États-Unis] ; John Worden [États-Unis] ; Christian Frankenberg [États-Unis] ; Gabriele Stiller [Allemagne] ; Michael Kiefer [Allemagne] ; Bernd Funke [Espagne] ; Kaley Walker [Canada] ; Peter Bernath [Royaume-Uni] ; Matthias Schneider [Allemagne, Espagne] ; Debra Wunch [États-Unis] ; Vanessa Sherlock [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; Nicholas Deutscher [Australie, Allemagne] ; David Griffith [Australie] ; Paul O. Wennberg [États-Unis] ; Kimberly Strong [Canada] ; Dan Smale [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; Emmanuel Mahieu [Belgique] ; Sabine Barthlott [Allemagne] ; Frank Hase [Allemagne] ; Omaira García [Espagne] ; Justus Notholt [Allemagne] ; Thorsten Warneke [Allemagne] ; Geoffrey Toon [États-Unis] ; David Sayres [États-Unis] ; Sandrine Bony [France] ; Jeonghoon Lee [États-Unis, Corée du Sud] ; Derek Brown [États-Unis] ; Ryu Uemura [Japon] ; Christophe Sturm [Suède]Source :
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres [ 0148-0227 ] ; 2012-03-16.
Descripteurs français
- Pascal (Inist)
- Altitude, Amplitude, Analyse sensibilité, Base de données, Composition isotopique, Echantillonnage, Erreur systématique, Etude comparative, Humidité, In situ, Instrumentation, Isotope, Modèle circulation générale, Moyenne latitude, Observation par avion, Observation par satellite, Projet, Répartition spatiale, Satellite, Troposphère, Télédétection spatiale, Vapeur eau, Variation saisonnière, Zone subtropicale, Zone tropicale.
- Wicri :
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Absolute values, Additional information, Aircraft data, Aircraft observation, Altitude, Arrival heights, Atmos, Bias, Boundary layer, Bremen, California institute, Chem, Climate change, Climate models, Collocated, Collocated outputs, Collocation, Comparative study, Comparison methodology, Convective, Convective regions, Convolution, Cryogenic, Daily outputs, Daily scale, Data files, Data sets, Deep convective regions, Different data sets, Different levels, Different swing2 models, Direct comparison, Ehhalt, Emanuel, Eureka, Frankenberg, Free troposphere, Ftir, Ftir measurements, Galewsky, Gcms, General circulation model, General circulation models, Geophys, Grid, Harvard university, High latitudes, Humidity measurements, Icos, Individual kernels, Instrument sensitivity, Isotope, Isotopic, Isotopic composition, Isotopic measurements, Karlsruhe, Kernel, Lauder, Lett, Lmdz, Lmdz control simulation, Lmdz grid, Lmdz outputs, Lower troposphere, Meridional, Meridional gradient, Meridional gradients, Meteorol, Methodology, Mid latitude, Midlatitudes, Mipas, Model grid, Model output, Model outputs, Musica, Musica sites, Negative values, Noone, Phys, Precipitable water, Precipitation, Random part, Relative seasonality, Retrieval, Risi, Robust, Robust features, Same region, Satellite data, Satellite data sets, Satellite instruments, Satellite observation, Sayres, Schneider, Sciamachy, Seasonal variations, Seasonality, Simulation, Soden, Space remote sensing, Spatial coverage, Spatial distribution, Spatial patterns, Spatiotemporal, Spatiotemporal distribution, Spatiotemporal sampling, Spatiotemporal variations, Specific humidity, Spectrometer, Spectroscopic, Spectroscopic parameters, Square difference, Square error, Standard propagation, Steinwagner, Strongest seasonality, Subsidence, Subsidence regions, Subtropical, Subtropical regions, Subtropics, Swing2, Swing2 models, Swing2 project, Systematic biases, Systematic errors, Tangent altitude, Tccon, Tccon sites, Total carbon column, Total column, Total data, Total error, Tropical tropopause layer, Tropics, Tropopause, Tropopause height, Troposphere, Tropospheric, Tropospheric humidity, True state, Upper troposphere, Validation, Various data sets, Vertical profiles, Vertical resolution, Vertical velocity, Water vapor, Water vapor isotopologues, Water vapour, Wollongong, Worden, Zonal, altitude, amplitude, data bases, humidity, in situ, instruments, isotopes, projects, sampling, satellites, seasonal variations, sensitivity analysis, subtropical zone, tropical zone, troposphere, water vapor.
- Teeft :
- Absolute values, Additional information, Aircraft data, Altitude, Arrival heights, Atmos, Bias, Boundary layer, Bremen, California institute, Chem, Climate change, Climate models, Collocated, Collocated outputs, Collocation, Comparison methodology, Convective, Convective regions, Convolution, Cryogenic, Daily outputs, Daily scale, Data files, Data sets, Deep convective regions, Different data sets, Different levels, Different swing2 models, Direct comparison, Ehhalt, Emanuel, Eureka, Frankenberg, Free troposphere, Ftir, Ftir measurements, Galewsky, Gcms, General circulation model, General circulation models, Geophys, Grid, Harvard university, High latitudes, Humidity measurements, Icos, Individual kernels, Instrument sensitivity, Isotope, Isotopic, Isotopic composition, Isotopic measurements, Karlsruhe, Kernel, Lauder, Lett, Lmdz, Lmdz control simulation, Lmdz grid, Lmdz outputs, Lower troposphere, Meridional, Meridional gradient, Meridional gradients, Meteorol, Methodology, Midlatitudes, Mipas, Model grid, Model output, Model outputs, Musica, Musica sites, Negative values, Noone, Phys, Precipitable water, Precipitation, Random part, Relative seasonality, Retrieval, Risi, Robust, Robust features, Same region, Satellite data, Satellite data sets, Satellite instruments, Sayres, Schneider, Sciamachy, Seasonal variations, Seasonality, Simulation, Soden, Spatial coverage, Spatial patterns, Spatiotemporal, Spatiotemporal distribution, Spatiotemporal sampling, Spatiotemporal variations, Specific humidity, Spectrometer, Spectroscopic, Spectroscopic parameters, Square difference, Square error, Standard propagation, Steinwagner, Strongest seasonality, Subsidence, Subsidence regions, Subtropical, Subtropical regions, Subtropics, Swing2, Swing2 models, Swing2 project, Systematic biases, Systematic errors, Tangent altitude, Tccon, Tccon sites, Total carbon column, Total column, Total data, Total error, Tropical tropopause layer, Tropics, Tropopause, Tropopause height, Troposphere, Tropospheric, Tropospheric humidity, True state, Upper troposphere, Validation, Various data sets, Vertical profiles, Vertical resolution, Vertical velocity, Water vapor, Water vapor isotopologues, Water vapour, Wollongong, Worden, Zonal.
Abstract
The goal of this study is to determine how H2O and HDO measurements in water vapor can be used to detect and diagnose biases in the representation of processes controlling tropospheric humidity in atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs). We analyze a large number of isotopic data sets (four satellite, sixteen ground‐based remote‐sensing, five surface in situ and three aircraft data sets) that are sensitive to different altitudes throughout the free troposphere. Despite significant differences between data sets, we identify some observed HDO/H2O characteristics that are robust across data sets and that can be used to evaluate models. We evaluate the isotopic GCM LMDZ, accounting for the effects of spatiotemporal sampling and instrument sensitivity. We find that LMDZ reproduces the spatial patterns in the lower and mid troposphere remarkably well. However, it underestimates the amplitude of seasonal variations in isotopic composition at all levels in the subtropics and in midlatitudes, and this bias is consistent across all data sets. LMDZ also underestimates the observed meridional isotopic gradient and the contrast between dry and convective tropical regions compared to satellite data sets. Comparison with six other isotope‐enabled GCMs from the SWING2 project shows that biases exhibited by LMDZ are common to all models. The SWING2 GCMs show a very large spread in isotopic behavior that is not obviously related to that of humidity, suggesting water vapor isotopic measurements could be used to expose model shortcomings. In a companion paper, the isotopic differences between models are interpreted in terms of biases in the representation of processes controlling humidity.
Url:
DOI: 10.1029/2011JD016621
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, Belgique, Canada, Corée du Sud, Espagne, France, Japon, Nouvelle-Zélande, Royaume-Uni, Suède, États-Unis
- Bade-Wurtemberg, Brême (Land), Californie, Colorado, District de Karlsruhe, Massachusetts, Ontario, Province de Liège, Région wallonne, Svealand, Île-de-France
- Brême, Cambridge (Massachusetts), Karlsruhe, Liège, Paris, Stockholm, Toronto
- Université Harvard, Université de Liège, Université de Stockholm, Université de Toronto
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xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bernath, Peter" sort="Bernath, Peter" uniqKey="Bernath P" first="Peter" last="Bernath">Peter Bernath</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, University of York, York</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>York</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schneider, Matthias" sort="Schneider, Matthias" uniqKey="Schneider M" first="Matthias" last="Schneider">Matthias Schneider</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Karlsruhe</region><settlement type="city">Karlsruhe</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Izaña Atmospheric Research Centre, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Santa Cruz de Tenerife</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Santa Cruz de Tenerife</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wunch, Debra" sort="Wunch, Debra" uniqKey="Wunch D" first="Debra" last="Wunch">Debra Wunch</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences and Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sherlock, Vanessa" sort="Sherlock, Vanessa" uniqKey="Sherlock V" first="Vanessa" last="Sherlock">Vanessa Sherlock</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lauder</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deutscher, Nicholas" sort="Deutscher, Nicholas" uniqKey="Deutscher N" first="Nicholas" last="Deutscher">Nicholas Deutscher</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New South Wales</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Brême (Land)</region><settlement type="city">Brême</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Griffith, David" sort="Griffith, David" uniqKey="Griffith D" first="David" last="Griffith">David Griffith</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New South Wales</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wennberg, Paul O" sort="Wennberg, Paul O" uniqKey="Wennberg P" first="Paul O." last="Wennberg">Paul O. Wennberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences and Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strong, Kimberly" sort="Strong, Kimberly" uniqKey="Strong K" first="Kimberly" last="Strong">Kimberly Strong</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smale, Dan" sort="Smale, Dan" uniqKey="Smale D" first="Dan" last="Smale">Dan Smale</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lauder</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mahieu, Emmanuel" sort="Mahieu, Emmanuel" uniqKey="Mahieu E" first="Emmanuel" last="Mahieu">Emmanuel Mahieu</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Astrophysics and Geophysics, University of Liège, Liège</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Liège</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Liège</settlement><region type="region" nuts="1">Région wallonne</region><region type="province" nuts="1">Province de Liège</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barthlott, Sabine" sort="Barthlott, Sabine" uniqKey="Barthlott S" first="Sabine" last="Barthlott">Sabine Barthlott</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Karlsruhe</region><settlement type="city">Karlsruhe</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hase, Frank" sort="Hase, Frank" uniqKey="Hase F" first="Frank" last="Hase">Frank Hase</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Karlsruhe</region><settlement type="city">Karlsruhe</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, Omaira" sort="Garcia, Omaira" uniqKey="Garcia O" first="Omaira" last="García">Omaira García</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Izaña Atmospheric Research Centre, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Santa Cruz de Tenerife</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Santa Cruz de Tenerife</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Notholt, Justus" sort="Notholt, Justus" uniqKey="Notholt J" first="Justus" last="Notholt">Justus Notholt</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Brême (Land)</region><settlement type="city">Brême</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Warneke, Thorsten" sort="Warneke, Thorsten" uniqKey="Warneke T" first="Thorsten" last="Warneke">Thorsten Warneke</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Brême (Land)</region><settlement type="city">Brême</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toon, Geoffrey" sort="Toon, Geoffrey" uniqKey="Toon G" first="Geoffrey" last="Toon">Geoffrey Toon</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sayres, David" sort="Sayres, David" uniqKey="Sayres D" first="David" last="Sayres">David Sayres</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region><settlement type="city">Cambridge (Massachusetts)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Harvard</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bony, Sandrine" sort="Bony, Sandrine" uniqKey="Bony S" first="Sandrine" last="Bony">Sandrine Bony</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>LMD/IPSL, CNRS, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Jeonghoon" sort="Lee, Jeonghoon" uniqKey="Lee J" first="Jeonghoon" last="Lee">Jeonghoon Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Incheon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Derek" sort="Brown, Derek" uniqKey="Brown D" first="Derek" last="Brown">Derek Brown</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Colorado</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uemura, Ryu" sort="Uemura, Ryu" uniqKey="Uemura R" first="Ryu" last="Uemura">Ryu Uemura</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nishihara</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sturm, Christophe" sort="Sturm, Christophe" uniqKey="Sturm C" first="Christophe" last="Sturm">Christophe Sturm</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="2">Svealand</region><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Stockholm</orgName></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j" type="main">Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title><title level="j" type="alt">JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: ATMOSPHERES</title><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno><idno type="eISSN">2156-2202</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">117</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">D5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">26</biblScope><date type="published" when="2012-03-16">2012-03-16</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Absolute values</term><term>Additional information</term><term>Aircraft data</term><term>Aircraft observation</term><term>Altitude</term><term>Arrival heights</term><term>Atmos</term><term>Bias</term><term>Boundary layer</term><term>Bremen</term><term>California institute</term><term>Chem</term><term>Climate change</term><term>Climate models</term><term>Collocated</term><term>Collocated outputs</term><term>Collocation</term><term>Comparative study</term><term>Comparison methodology</term><term>Convective</term><term>Convective regions</term><term>Convolution</term><term>Cryogenic</term><term>Daily outputs</term><term>Daily scale</term><term>Data files</term><term>Data sets</term><term>Deep convective regions</term><term>Different data sets</term><term>Different levels</term><term>Different swing2 models</term><term>Direct comparison</term><term>Ehhalt</term><term>Emanuel</term><term>Eureka</term><term>Frankenberg</term><term>Free troposphere</term><term>Ftir</term><term>Ftir measurements</term><term>Galewsky</term><term>Gcms</term><term>General circulation model</term><term>General circulation models</term><term>Geophys</term><term>Grid</term><term>Harvard university</term><term>High latitudes</term><term>Humidity measurements</term><term>Icos</term><term>Individual kernels</term><term>Instrument sensitivity</term><term>Isotope</term><term>Isotopic</term><term>Isotopic composition</term><term>Isotopic measurements</term><term>Karlsruhe</term><term>Kernel</term><term>Lauder</term><term>Lett</term><term>Lmdz</term><term>Lmdz control simulation</term><term>Lmdz grid</term><term>Lmdz outputs</term><term>Lower troposphere</term><term>Meridional</term><term>Meridional gradient</term><term>Meridional gradients</term><term>Meteorol</term><term>Methodology</term><term>Mid latitude</term><term>Midlatitudes</term><term>Mipas</term><term>Model grid</term><term>Model output</term><term>Model outputs</term><term>Musica</term><term>Musica sites</term><term>Negative values</term><term>Noone</term><term>Phys</term><term>Precipitable water</term><term>Precipitation</term><term>Random part</term><term>Relative seasonality</term><term>Retrieval</term><term>Risi</term><term>Robust</term><term>Robust features</term><term>Same region</term><term>Satellite data</term><term>Satellite data sets</term><term>Satellite instruments</term><term>Satellite observation</term><term>Sayres</term><term>Schneider</term><term>Sciamachy</term><term>Seasonal variations</term><term>Seasonality</term><term>Simulation</term><term>Soden</term><term>Space remote sensing</term><term>Spatial coverage</term><term>Spatial distribution</term><term>Spatial patterns</term><term>Spatiotemporal</term><term>Spatiotemporal distribution</term><term>Spatiotemporal sampling</term><term>Spatiotemporal variations</term><term>Specific humidity</term><term>Spectrometer</term><term>Spectroscopic</term><term>Spectroscopic parameters</term><term>Square difference</term><term>Square error</term><term>Standard propagation</term><term>Steinwagner</term><term>Strongest seasonality</term><term>Subsidence</term><term>Subsidence regions</term><term>Subtropical</term><term>Subtropical regions</term><term>Subtropics</term><term>Swing2</term><term>Swing2 models</term><term>Swing2 project</term><term>Systematic biases</term><term>Systematic errors</term><term>Tangent altitude</term><term>Tccon</term><term>Tccon sites</term><term>Total carbon column</term><term>Total column</term><term>Total data</term><term>Total error</term><term>Tropical tropopause layer</term><term>Tropics</term><term>Tropopause</term><term>Tropopause height</term><term>Troposphere</term><term>Tropospheric</term><term>Tropospheric humidity</term><term>True state</term><term>Upper troposphere</term><term>Validation</term><term>Various data sets</term><term>Vertical profiles</term><term>Vertical resolution</term><term>Vertical velocity</term><term>Water vapor</term><term>Water vapor isotopologues</term><term>Water vapour</term><term>Wollongong</term><term>Worden</term><term>Zonal</term><term>altitude</term><term>amplitude</term><term>data bases</term><term>humidity</term><term>in situ</term><term>instruments</term><term>isotopes</term><term>projects</term><term>sampling</term><term>satellites</term><term>seasonal variations</term><term>sensitivity analysis</term><term>subtropical zone</term><term>tropical zone</term><term>troposphere</term><term>water vapor</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Altitude</term><term>Amplitude</term><term>Analyse sensibilité</term><term>Base de données</term><term>Composition isotopique</term><term>Echantillonnage</term><term>Erreur systématique</term><term>Etude comparative</term><term>Humidité</term><term>In situ</term><term>Instrumentation</term><term>Isotope</term><term>Modèle circulation générale</term><term>Moyenne latitude</term><term>Observation par avion</term><term>Observation par satellite</term><term>Projet</term><term>Répartition spatiale</term><term>Satellite</term><term>Troposphère</term><term>Télédétection spatiale</term><term>Vapeur eau</term><term>Variation saisonnière</term><term>Zone subtropicale</term><term>Zone tropicale</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Absolute values</term><term>Additional information</term><term>Aircraft data</term><term>Altitude</term><term>Arrival heights</term><term>Atmos</term><term>Bias</term><term>Boundary layer</term><term>Bremen</term><term>California institute</term><term>Chem</term><term>Climate change</term><term>Climate models</term><term>Collocated</term><term>Collocated outputs</term><term>Collocation</term><term>Comparison methodology</term><term>Convective</term><term>Convective regions</term><term>Convolution</term><term>Cryogenic</term><term>Daily outputs</term><term>Daily scale</term><term>Data files</term><term>Data sets</term><term>Deep convective regions</term><term>Different data sets</term><term>Different levels</term><term>Different swing2 models</term><term>Direct comparison</term><term>Ehhalt</term><term>Emanuel</term><term>Eureka</term><term>Frankenberg</term><term>Free troposphere</term><term>Ftir</term><term>Ftir measurements</term><term>Galewsky</term><term>Gcms</term><term>General circulation model</term><term>General circulation models</term><term>Geophys</term><term>Grid</term><term>Harvard university</term><term>High latitudes</term><term>Humidity measurements</term><term>Icos</term><term>Individual kernels</term><term>Instrument sensitivity</term><term>Isotope</term><term>Isotopic</term><term>Isotopic composition</term><term>Isotopic measurements</term><term>Karlsruhe</term><term>Kernel</term><term>Lauder</term><term>Lett</term><term>Lmdz</term><term>Lmdz control simulation</term><term>Lmdz grid</term><term>Lmdz outputs</term><term>Lower troposphere</term><term>Meridional</term><term>Meridional gradient</term><term>Meridional gradients</term><term>Meteorol</term><term>Methodology</term><term>Midlatitudes</term><term>Mipas</term><term>Model grid</term><term>Model output</term><term>Model outputs</term><term>Musica</term><term>Musica sites</term><term>Negative values</term><term>Noone</term><term>Phys</term><term>Precipitable water</term><term>Precipitation</term><term>Random part</term><term>Relative seasonality</term><term>Retrieval</term><term>Risi</term><term>Robust</term><term>Robust features</term><term>Same region</term><term>Satellite data</term><term>Satellite data sets</term><term>Satellite instruments</term><term>Sayres</term><term>Schneider</term><term>Sciamachy</term><term>Seasonal variations</term><term>Seasonality</term><term>Simulation</term><term>Soden</term><term>Spatial coverage</term><term>Spatial patterns</term><term>Spatiotemporal</term><term>Spatiotemporal distribution</term><term>Spatiotemporal sampling</term><term>Spatiotemporal variations</term><term>Specific humidity</term><term>Spectrometer</term><term>Spectroscopic</term><term>Spectroscopic parameters</term><term>Square difference</term><term>Square error</term><term>Standard propagation</term><term>Steinwagner</term><term>Strongest seasonality</term><term>Subsidence</term><term>Subsidence regions</term><term>Subtropical</term><term>Subtropical regions</term><term>Subtropics</term><term>Swing2</term><term>Swing2 models</term><term>Swing2 project</term><term>Systematic biases</term><term>Systematic errors</term><term>Tangent altitude</term><term>Tccon</term><term>Tccon sites</term><term>Total carbon column</term><term>Total column</term><term>Total data</term><term>Total error</term><term>Tropical tropopause layer</term><term>Tropics</term><term>Tropopause</term><term>Tropopause height</term><term>Troposphere</term><term>Tropospheric</term><term>Tropospheric humidity</term><term>True state</term><term>Upper troposphere</term><term>Validation</term><term>Various data sets</term><term>Vertical profiles</term><term>Vertical resolution</term><term>Vertical velocity</term><term>Water vapor</term><term>Water vapor isotopologues</term><term>Water vapour</term><term>Wollongong</term><term>Worden</term><term>Zonal</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Base de données</term><term>Brême</term><term>Changement climatique</term><term>Eureka</term><term>Satellite</term><term>Simulation</term><term>Zone subtropicale</term><term>Zone tropicale</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">The goal of this study is to determine how H2O and HDO measurements in water vapor can be used to detect and diagnose biases in the representation of processes controlling tropospheric humidity in atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs). We analyze a large number of isotopic data sets (four satellite, sixteen ground‐based remote‐sensing, five surface in situ and three aircraft data sets) that are sensitive to different altitudes throughout the free troposphere. Despite significant differences between data sets, we identify some observed HDO/H2O characteristics that are robust across data sets and that can be used to evaluate models. We evaluate the isotopic GCM LMDZ, accounting for the effects of spatiotemporal sampling and instrument sensitivity. We find that LMDZ reproduces the spatial patterns in the lower and mid troposphere remarkably well. However, it underestimates the amplitude of seasonal variations in isotopic composition at all levels in the subtropics and in midlatitudes, and this bias is consistent across all data sets. LMDZ also underestimates the observed meridional isotopic gradient and the contrast between dry and convective tropical regions compared to satellite data sets. Comparison with six other isotope‐enabled GCMs from the SWING2 project shows that biases exhibited by LMDZ are common to all models. The SWING2 GCMs show a very large spread in isotopic behavior that is not obviously related to that of humidity, suggesting water vapor isotopic measurements could be used to expose model shortcomings. In a companion paper, the isotopic differences between models are interpreted in terms of biases in the representation of processes controlling humidity.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>Belgique</li><li>Canada</li><li>Corée du Sud</li><li>Espagne</li><li>France</li><li>Japon</li><li>Nouvelle-Zélande</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>Suède</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Bade-Wurtemberg</li><li>Brême (Land)</li><li>Californie</li><li>Colorado</li><li>District de Karlsruhe</li><li>Massachusetts</li><li>Ontario</li><li>Province de Liège</li><li>Région wallonne</li><li>Svealand</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Brême</li><li>Cambridge (Massachusetts)</li><li>Karlsruhe</li><li>Liège</li><li>Paris</li><li>Stockholm</li><li>Toronto</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université Harvard</li><li>Université de Liège</li><li>Université de Stockholm</li><li>Université de Toronto</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Risi, Camille" sort="Risi, Camille" uniqKey="Risi C" first="Camille" last="Risi">Camille Risi</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Bony, Sandrine" sort="Bony, Sandrine" uniqKey="Bony S" first="Sandrine" last="Bony">Sandrine Bony</name><name sortKey="Risi, Camille" sort="Risi, Camille" uniqKey="Risi C" first="Camille" last="Risi">Camille Risi</name><name sortKey="Risi, Camille" sort="Risi, Camille" uniqKey="Risi C" first="Camille" last="Risi">Camille Risi</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Colorado"><name sortKey="Risi, Camille" sort="Risi, Camille" uniqKey="Risi C" first="Camille" last="Risi">Camille Risi</name></region><name sortKey="Brown, Derek" sort="Brown, Derek" uniqKey="Brown D" first="Derek" last="Brown">Derek Brown</name><name sortKey="Frankenberg, Christian" sort="Frankenberg, Christian" uniqKey="Frankenberg C" first="Christian" last="Frankenberg">Christian Frankenberg</name><name sortKey="Lee, Jeonghoon" sort="Lee, Jeonghoon" uniqKey="Lee J" first="Jeonghoon" last="Lee">Jeonghoon Lee</name><name sortKey="Noone, David" sort="Noone, David" uniqKey="Noone D" first="David" last="Noone">David Noone</name><name sortKey="Sayres, David" sort="Sayres, David" uniqKey="Sayres D" first="David" last="Sayres">David Sayres</name><name sortKey="Toon, Geoffrey" sort="Toon, Geoffrey" uniqKey="Toon G" first="Geoffrey" last="Toon">Geoffrey Toon</name><name sortKey="Wennberg, Paul O" sort="Wennberg, Paul O" uniqKey="Wennberg P" first="Paul O." last="Wennberg">Paul O. Wennberg</name><name sortKey="Worden, John" sort="Worden, John" uniqKey="Worden J" first="John" last="Worden">John Worden</name><name sortKey="Wunch, Debra" sort="Wunch, Debra" uniqKey="Wunch D" first="Debra" last="Wunch">Debra Wunch</name></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Bade-Wurtemberg"><name sortKey="Stiller, Gabriele" sort="Stiller, Gabriele" uniqKey="Stiller G" first="Gabriele" last="Stiller">Gabriele Stiller</name></region><name sortKey="Barthlott, Sabine" sort="Barthlott, Sabine" uniqKey="Barthlott S" first="Sabine" last="Barthlott">Sabine Barthlott</name><name sortKey="Deutscher, Nicholas" sort="Deutscher, Nicholas" uniqKey="Deutscher N" first="Nicholas" last="Deutscher">Nicholas Deutscher</name><name sortKey="Hase, Frank" sort="Hase, Frank" uniqKey="Hase F" first="Frank" last="Hase">Frank Hase</name><name sortKey="Kiefer, Michael" sort="Kiefer, Michael" uniqKey="Kiefer M" first="Michael" last="Kiefer">Michael Kiefer</name><name sortKey="Notholt, Justus" sort="Notholt, Justus" uniqKey="Notholt J" first="Justus" last="Notholt">Justus Notholt</name><name sortKey="Schneider, Matthias" sort="Schneider, Matthias" uniqKey="Schneider M" first="Matthias" last="Schneider">Matthias Schneider</name><name sortKey="Warneke, Thorsten" sort="Warneke, Thorsten" uniqKey="Warneke T" first="Thorsten" last="Warneke">Thorsten Warneke</name></country><country name="Espagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Funke, Bernd" sort="Funke, Bernd" uniqKey="Funke B" first="Bernd" last="Funke">Bernd Funke</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Garcia, Omaira" sort="Garcia, Omaira" uniqKey="Garcia O" first="Omaira" last="García">Omaira García</name><name sortKey="Schneider, Matthias" sort="Schneider, Matthias" uniqKey="Schneider M" first="Matthias" last="Schneider">Matthias Schneider</name></country><country name="Canada"><region name="Ontario"><name sortKey="Walker, Kaley" sort="Walker, Kaley" uniqKey="Walker K" first="Kaley" last="Walker">Kaley Walker</name></region><name sortKey="Strong, Kimberly" sort="Strong, Kimberly" uniqKey="Strong K" first="Kimberly" last="Strong">Kimberly Strong</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bernath, Peter" sort="Bernath, Peter" uniqKey="Bernath P" first="Peter" last="Bernath">Peter Bernath</name></noRegion></country><country name="Nouvelle-Zélande"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sherlock, Vanessa" sort="Sherlock, Vanessa" uniqKey="Sherlock V" first="Vanessa" last="Sherlock">Vanessa Sherlock</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Smale, Dan" sort="Smale, Dan" uniqKey="Smale D" first="Dan" last="Smale">Dan Smale</name></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Deutscher, Nicholas" sort="Deutscher, Nicholas" uniqKey="Deutscher N" first="Nicholas" last="Deutscher">Nicholas Deutscher</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Griffith, David" sort="Griffith, David" uniqKey="Griffith D" first="David" last="Griffith">David Griffith</name></country><country name="Belgique"><region name="Région wallonne"><name sortKey="Mahieu, Emmanuel" sort="Mahieu, Emmanuel" uniqKey="Mahieu E" first="Emmanuel" last="Mahieu">Emmanuel Mahieu</name></region></country><country name="Corée du Sud"><noRegion><name sortKey="Lee, Jeonghoon" sort="Lee, Jeonghoon" uniqKey="Lee J" first="Jeonghoon" last="Lee">Jeonghoon Lee</name></noRegion></country><country name="Japon"><noRegion><name sortKey="Uemura, Ryu" sort="Uemura, Ryu" uniqKey="Uemura R" first="Ryu" last="Uemura">Ryu Uemura</name></noRegion></country><country name="Suède"><region name="Svealand"><name sortKey="Sturm, Christophe" sort="Sturm, Christophe" uniqKey="Sturm C" first="Christophe" last="Sturm">Christophe Sturm</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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|texte= Process‐evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopologues: 1. Comparison between models and observations
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